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        <p>学习python中闭包记录</p>
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<h1 id="一、定义函数与调用函数执行顺序"><a href="#一、定义函数与调用函数执行顺序" class="headerlink" title="一、定义函数与调用函数执行顺序"></a>一、定义函数与调用函数执行顺序</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'程序开始运行'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">func()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">结果输出 程序开始运行</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>py脚本开始运行时,执行到<strong>def</strong>关键字,跳过声明函数的代码,继续执行;发现func(),开始往上寻找def func(),找到后开辟一块内存,存放函数变量与代码块,一行一行执行,执行完毕,释放内存</p>
<h1 id="二、函数的内存使用"><a href="#二、函数的内存使用" class="headerlink" title="二、函数的内存使用"></a>二、函数的内存使用</h1><p>调用函数的时候,开辟内存存放函数变量(局部变量)与代码;函数执行完毕,内存释放。</p>
<h1 id="三、嵌套函数"><a href="#三、嵌套函数" class="headerlink" title="三、嵌套函数"></a>三、嵌套函数</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    msg_start=<span class="string">'程序开始运行'</span></span><br><span class="line">    msg_end=<span class="string">'程序执行完毕'</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(msg_start)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pro_end</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(msg_end)</span><br><span class="line">    pro_end()</span><br><span class="line">func()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">结果输出</span><br><span class="line">    程序开始运行 </span><br><span class="line">    程序执行完毕</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    msg_start=<span class="string">'程序开始运行'</span></span><br><span class="line">    msg_end=<span class="string">'程序执行完毕'</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(msg_start)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pro_end</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(msg_end)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> pro_end()</span><br><span class="line">func()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">结果输出</span><br><span class="line">    程序开始运行 </span><br><span class="line">    程序执行完毕</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>func()执行完毕后,外函数变量msg销毁,无法保留。</p>
<h1 id="四、闭包"><a href="#四、闭包" class="headerlink" title="四、闭包"></a>四、闭包</h1><h3 id="1-百度百科的定义"><a href="#1-百度百科的定义" class="headerlink" title="1.百度百科的定义"></a>1.百度百科的定义</h3><p>闭包就是能够<strong>读取</strong>其他函数<strong>内部变量</strong>的<strong>函数</strong>。例如在javascript中，只有函数<strong>内部的子函数</strong>才能读取<strong>局部变量</strong>，所以闭包可以理解成“定义在一个函数<strong>内部的函数</strong>“。在本质上，闭包是将函数内部和函数外部连接起来的桥梁</p>
<h3 id="2-自己的总结"><a href="#2-自己的总结" class="headerlink" title="2.自己的总结"></a>2.自己的总结</h3><p>闭包:1.内函数使用了<strong>外函数作用域</strong>中的<strong>变量</strong> 2.外函数返回了内函数的<strong>引用</strong>(内函数的内存地址)</p>
<h3 id="3-func与func"><a href="#3-func与func" class="headerlink" title="3.func与func()"></a>3.func与func()</h3><h4 id="1-func"><a href="#1-func" class="headerlink" title="(1) func"></a>(1) func</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'程序开始执行'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(func)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">结果输出 &lt;function func at <span class="number">0x000001A3B9A93BF8</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>&lt;function func at 0x000001A3B9A93BF8&gt;</strong>就是<strong>函数func</strong>的引用,也就是func指向的内存地址,该内存中储存了函数的变量与代码块</p>
<h4 id="2-func"><a href="#2-func" class="headerlink" title="(2) func()"></a>(2) func()</h4><p>func()就是函数执行,执行完毕内存清空</p>
<h4 id="3-闭包函数的外部函数return-func-而不是-return-func-的原因"><a href="#3-闭包函数的外部函数return-func-而不是-return-func-的原因" class="headerlink" title="(3)闭包函数的外部函数return func 而不是 return func()的原因"></a>(3)闭包函数的外部函数return func 而不是 return func()的原因</h4><p><strong>return func</strong>情况下,外部函数执行中,会将变量存放到闭包函数中,return func使得外部函数指向闭包函数的内存地址,外部函数的变量就这样被储存起来了<br><br>而<strong>return func()</strong>情况下,外部函数执行中,外部函数的变量进入内部函数,return func()使得内部函数执行完毕,内存释放,外部函数的变量,销毁</p>
<h3 id="4-闭包检测"><a href="#4-闭包检测" class="headerlink" title="4.闭包检测"></a>4.闭包检测</h3><p>需要用到<code>函数名.__ closure __ </code>会输出闭包函数储存的外部函数变量的<strong>内存地址</strong><br><code>函数名.__ closure __.cell_contents </code>会输出闭包函数储存的<strong>外部函数变量</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">set_name</span><span class="params">(name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">set_score</span><span class="params">(score_num)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s的成绩为%d'</span>%(name,score_num))</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> set_score</span><br><span class="line">print(set_name(<span class="string">'小叶子'</span>).__closure__)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">输出 &lt;cell at <span class="number">0x0000017B68218858</span>: str object at <span class="number">0x0000017B683576F0</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>&lt;cell at 0x0000017B68218858: str object at 0x0000017B683576F0&gt;</strong> 是存放闭包函数(内函数)引用外部函数的变量的内存地址</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">set_name</span><span class="params">(name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">set_score</span><span class="params">(score_num)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'%s的成绩为%d'</span>%(name,score_num))</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> set_score</span><br><span class="line">print(set_name(<span class="string">'小叶子'</span>).__closure__.cell_contents)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">输出 小叶子</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>小叶子</strong>就是闭包函数<strong>储存</strong>的外部函数的<strong>变量</strong></p>
<h3 id="5-闭包总结"><a href="#5-闭包总结" class="headerlink" title="5.闭包总结"></a>5.闭包总结</h3><p>闭包函数是用来获取到另一个函数内部作用域中的变量,并储存,并在合适的时机进行使用</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">func</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    a=<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">nfunc</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(a)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> nfunc</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>内部函数(闭包函数)nfunc储存外部函数func的变量a,外部函数执行完毕后返回内部函数的内存地址,实现了函数内部变量的外部应用</p>

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